Animal biotechnology is a category of biotechnology in which molecular biology techniques are used to genetically engineer (i.e. modify the genome of) animals in order to enhance their strength for pharmaceutical, agricultural or industrial applications. Animal biotechnology has been used to produce genetically modified animals that manufacture therapeutic proteins, are resistant to disease or have improved growth rates.

2.1 Sustainability in animal production

2.2 Transgenic animals

2.3 Animal models of human diseases

2.4 Molecular farming and animal bioreactors

2.5 Animal feed and Nutrition

Industrial biotechnology is a way to pollution prevention, resource management, and cost reduction. It is generally referred to as the third wave in biotechnology. The application of biotechnology to industrial processes is not only converting how we manufacture products but is also furnishing us with new products that could not even be imagined a few years ago. Industrial biotechnology implicates working with nature to maximize and improves existing biochemical pathways that can be used in manufacturing.

3.1 Production of Enzymes

3.2 Downstream process

3.3 Protein engineering

3.4 Biological/biomedical materials

3.5 Biofuels

3.6 Human proteins

Biotechnology has been practiced for a long time, as people have sought to develop agriculturally significant organisms by selection and breeding. An example of traditional agricultural biotechnology is the development of disease-resistant wheat varieties by cross-breeding different wheat types until the desired disease resistance wheat variety was produced. Genetic engineering technologies can help to enhance health conditions in less developed countries. Genetic engineering can result in improved keeping properties to make transport of fresh produced food easier, giving consumers access to nutritionally valuable whole foods and preventing decay, damage, and loss of nutrients. Benefits of Agriculture Biotechnology consists of Increased crop productivity, Improvements in food processing, Improved nutritional value, Enhanced crop protection, Environmental benefits, Improved flavor, Fresher produce.

4.1 Plant tissue Culture

4.2 Plant Pathology and Physiology

4.3 Crop Protection and Entomology

4.4 Transgenic plants and Crops

4.5 Plant Nutrition and Soil Sciences

4.6 Agriculture Machinery

4.7 Environmental and Agricultural Sustainability

Nano biotechnology refers to the intersection of nanotechnology and biology. Given that the subject is one that has only emerged very recently, Bio nanotechnology and Nano biotechnology serve as blanket terms for various related technologies. The most important objectives that are frequently found in Nano biology involve applying Nano tools to relevant medical/biological problems and refining these applications. Developing new tools, such as peptoid Nano-sheets, for medical and biological purposes is another primary objective in nanotechnology. New Nano-tools are often made by refining the applications of the Nano-tools that are already being used. The imaging of native biomolecules, biological membranes, and tissues is also a primary topic for the Nano-biology researchers. Other topics concerning Nano biology consists of the use of cantilever array sensors and the application of Nano-photonics for manipulating molecular processes in living cells.

5.1 Artificial organs/tissues

5.2 Modelling of behaviour of nanomaterials

5.3 Biomaterials in delivery System

5.4 Nano crystals and bio-crystallization processes

5.5 Synthesis of nanostructures

Stem cell biotechnology is a revolutionary sub field of biotechnology to develop and improve tools and generate more on through modify and regenerative medicine stem cell technology is important role in tissue regeneration medicine The basis for vegetative cell transplantation is that blood cells (red cells, white cells and platelets) and immune cells (lymphocytes) arise from the stem cells, that are gift in marrow, peripheral blood and twine blood. Intense therapy or therapy kills the patient's stem cells. This stops the stem cells from creating enough blood and immune cells.

6.1 Stem Cell Therapy

6.2 Embryonic Stem Cells

6.3 Cancer Stem Cell

6.4 Stem Cell Niche

6.5 Adult Stem Cells

6.6 Induced Pluripotent Cells

6.7 Stem Cell Transplantation

Environmental biotechnology in particular is the application of processes for the protection and rebuilding of the quality of the environment. Environmental biotechnology can be used to identify, prevent and remediate the emission of pollutants into the environment in a number of ways. Solid, liquid and gaseous wastes can be modified, either by recycling to make new products, or by purifying so that the end product is less toxic to the environment. Replacing chemical materials and processes with biological technologies can lower the environmental damage. In this way environmental biotechnology can make a significant contribution to sustainable development.

7.1 Environmental Pollution

7.2 Air pollution and control

7.3 Global environmental problems

7.4 Biotechnology in restoration of degraded lands

7.5 Biotechnology for treatment of industrial effluents

7.6 Bioremediation & Biodegradation

The biotechnology industry is largely divided into the medical and agricultural markets. Although enterprising biotechnology is also applied to other areas, such as the industrial production of chemicals and bioremediation, the use in these areas is still specialized and reserved. On the other hand, the medical and agricultural industries have undergone biotechnology revolutions. This has included new research efforts, development programs, and business strategies to discover, alter, or produce novel biomolecules and organisms through bioengineering. Biotechnology has been involved in the initial drug discovery and screening stages. Most major pharmaceutical companies have active target-discovery research programs heavily dependent on biotechnology.

Microfluidics is both the science which studies the behaviour of fluids through micro-channels, and the technology of manufacturing microminiaturized devices having chambers and tunnels through which fluids flow. Microfluidics deal with very small volumes of fluids, down to femtoliters (fL) which is a quadrillionth of a litre. Fluids react very differently on the micrometric scale than they do in everyday life. These unique features are the key for new scientific experiments and innovations.

Food biotechnology is the use of technology to transform the genes of our food sources. Our food sources are animals, plants, and microorganisms. With food biotechnology, we form new species of animals and plants, for example, specifically animals and plants that we eat. The technology may not only improve the nutritional quality of staple foods, but can also decreases the need to cultivate crops on deforested land. With food biotechnology, we utilize what we know about science and genetics to improve the food we eat. By improvement, we mean either making the food cheaper to produce, longer lasting, more disease resistant, or extra nutritious.

10.1 Food Additives

10.2 Dairy technology

10.3 Food Processing and Preservation

10.4 Fermentation

10.5 Food Quality Standards

10.6 Food Microbiology

10.7 Food Packaging

Marine biotechnology is an innovative field of Science Research and technology concerning the support of living organisms with marine products and tools. It is an innovative way to produce genetically modified drugs, food and energy to overcome global demand. The Exploitation of Biotechnology for drug discovery including enzymes, antibiotics, biopolymers and chemical compounds from marine sources.

11.1 Aquatic Microbial Ecology

11.2 Oceanography

11.3 Aqua Culture Biotechnology

11.4 Biotechnology in fish breeding

11.5 Biotechnology and fish health management

Biotech played and will continue to play an essential role in Cancer, ranging from monoclonal antibodies, immuno-oncology, CAR-T and everything in between. Cancer is a group of deadly diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell division leading to growth of abnormal tissue. it is also called as degeneration of one type of cell within an organism into something  .It is believed that cancers arise from both genetic and environmental factors that lead to aberrant growth regulation of a stem cell population, or by the dedifferentiation of more mature cell types.

The “traditional” ways to tackle cancer are chemotherapy (‘chemo’) and radiotherapy.  One big problem with these techniques, is the lack of specificity as chemo and radiotherapies are targeting cancer cells, but also healthy cells.

12.1 Immuno-Oncology

12.2 Cancer Drug Discovery

12.3 Cancer Drug Discovery

12.4 Cancer Management, And Prevention

12.5 Imaging in cancer

12.6 Organ Specific Cancers

Laboratory Methods for Biotechnology is nothing but Hands-on Training, one of the most important aspects in experimental biology. This is an introductory-level course designed to acquaint participants with the wide range of modern techniques available for separating and purifying Biomolecules.  Students enrolled in Biotechnology programs have an extensive opportunity to learn many cutting-edge Molecular Biology methods from lecture- and reading- based courses.  The goal of this field is to expose students to various techniques in biotechnology as well as to prepare them for independence in research settings.  The fundamentals of each technique will be presented, including practical examples such as Gel electrophoresis, Immunocytochemistry, ELISA & Spectrophotometry, Assays etc.

13.1 Gel Electrophoresis

13.2 Immunocytochemistry

13.3 ELISA & Spectrophotometry

13.4 Nucleic Acid Purification and Molecular Weight Determinations

13.5 Cell Separation Methods

13.6 Liquid Scintillation (double label) Counting

13.7 Molecular Diagnostics

Protein Engineering is the design of new enzymes or proteins with new or desirable functions, conception and production of unnatural Polypeptides, done through by modification of amino acid sequences that are found in nature in order to improve their use to humans. it is  a highly promising technique within the frame of Biocatalyst Engineering to improve enzyme stability and efficiency in low water systems .It  is based on the use of recombinant DNA technology, Advances in engineering proteins for Bio-catalysis to change amino acid sequences, protein engineering methods and applications such as In vitro evolution of proteins, Enzyme pro drug therapy, Enzymes and Synthetic Biology, Enzymes and Sustainable Development are becoming increasingly important and widespread.

14.1- Enzyme pro drug therapy

14.2- Enzymes and Synthetic Biology

14.3- In vitro evolution of proteins

14.4- Advances in engineering proteins for biocatalysis

14.5- Substrate management and developments

14.6- Enzymes and Sustainable Development

rDNA technology is the pairing together of DNA molecules from two distinct species that are infused into a host organism to yield new genetic combinations that are of value to science, medicine, agriculture, and industry. Since the target of all genetics is the gene, the fundamental goal of laboratory geneticists is to isolate, characterize, and manipulate genes. This technology has made it possible to separate one gene or any other segment of DNA and allowing researchers to determine its nucleotide sequence, examine its transcripts, modify it in highly definite ways, and replace the altered sequence into a living organism.

15.1 Mutation analysis

15.2 Production of recombinant proteins

15.3 Cell transformation

15.4 Molecular Biology

15.5 Virology

15.6 Gene probes and diagnosis of disease

A biosensor is a device that has the potential to observe a particular substance or analyte with high distinction. Examples of such analytes include glucose, lactate, glutamate and glutamine. Most of the  biosensors are capable of considering the concentration of an analyte in an aqueous solution, mainly producing an electrical signal, which is considered to be proportional to the analyte’s concentration in its determining range. An enzymatic biosensor consists of an enzyme, which identifies and then works with the target analyte producing a chemical signal, a transducer, which produces a physical signal from the chemical one, and an electronic amplifier, which first  determines and then amplifies the signal.

16.1 Cholesterol Biosensor

16.2 Glucose Oxidase Biosensor for Diabetes

16.3 Thiol Biosensor

16.4 Nitrite Biosensors

16.5 Biomarkers for Diagnosis Diseases

16.6 Implantable Glucose Biosensor

16.7 Superoxide Anion Radical Biosensor

Bio-degradation is a natural way of recycling wastes, or breaking down organic matter into nutrients that can be used by other organisms. The word "Bio-" from the prefix signifies that the decomposition is completed by a enormous variety of bacterium, fungi, insects, worms, and other organisms that consumes the dead substances and recycle it into new forms and "Degradation" denotes the decay. In nature, nothing remains waste because everything gets recycled. The waste material from one organism can be transformed into the food for others, providing nutrients and energy while breaking down the waste organic matter. Some organic materials will break down much quickly than others, but all will eventually decay.

By utilizing these natural forces of bio-degradation, people can reduce wastes and clean up some types of environmental contaminants. Through composting, we accelerate natural biodegradability and convert organic wastes to a valuable resource. Wastewater treatment also promotes natural forces of bio-degradation. In this case the goal is to break down organic matter so that it will not cause pollution problems when the water is discharged into the environment. Through bio remediation, microorganisms are used to clean up oil leakage and other types of organic pollution. Composting and bio remediation provide many opportunities for student research.

17.1 Bio-deterioration and biodegradation of wood and polymeric materials

17.2 Bacterial bioremediation

17.3 Microbiologically influenced corrosion

17.4 Recycling of nutrients, waste and pollution

17.5 Biodiversity of organisms involved in biodeterioration

17.6 Bioremediation in environmental protection

Biochemistry is the division of science that examines the chemical processes within and related to living organisms. It is a laboratory based science that combines biology and chemistry. By using chemical knowledge and techniques, biochemists can identify and solve biological problems. It comprises of a range of scientific disciplines, including genetics, microbiology, forensics, plant science and medicine. Due of its scope, biochemistry is very important and advances in this field of science over the past 100 years. It’s a very exciting time to be part of this alluring area of study.

Biophysics is necessary to determine the mechanics of how the molecules of life are formed, how different parts of a cell functions, and how complex systems in our bodies like the brain, circulation, immune system, and others work. It is an exciting scientific field where scientists with different specialties such as math, chemistry, physics, engineering, pharmacology, and materials sciences, use their expertise to evaluate and develop new tools for understanding how biology of all life works. Biophysicists are ideally qualified in the quantitative sciences of physics, math, and chemistry and they are able deal with a wide collection of topics, ranging from how nerve cells communicate, to how plant cells capture light and convert it into energy, to how changes in the DNA of healthy cells can stimulate their transformation into cancer cells, to so many other biological problems.

18.1 Metabolomics

18.2 Membrane Biophysics

18.3 Computational and theoretical Biophysics

18.4 Biomolecules    

18.5 Systems Biology

18.6 Biophysical approaches to cell biology

Immunological biotechnology represents a strategy for dissecting and manipulating molecular processes in health and disease and is crucial for the development and optimization of proteins for therapeutic intervention as well as diagnostics.

It is presently getting clear that the immune responses provide the development of many common disorders not traditionally viewed as immunologic, including metabolic, cardiovascular, cancer, and neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer’s disease. Besides, there are direct implications of the immune system in infectious diseases (tuberculosis, malaria, hepatitis, pneumonia, dysentery, and helminth infestations) as well. Hence, research in the field of immunology is of prime importance for the advancements in the fields of modern medicine, biomedical research, and biotechnology.